Europe's new critical minerals plan will unlock new resources but permitting and Chinese involvement remain key hurdles

Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (2025). Europe's new critical minerals plan will unlock new resources but permitting and Chinese involvement remain key hurdles. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Available here.

Analysis of the EU’s December 2025 critical minerals plan, with detailed treatment of permitting bottlenecks and the limits of state aid in displacing Chinese midstream involvement.